What key labs measure (ranges vary — learn the concept).
CBC
Complete blood count: red cells, white cells, platelets.
Hemoglobin
Protein in red cells that carries oxygen.
Hematocrit
Percent of blood volume made of red cells.
WBC
White blood cell count; related to infection/inflammation.
Platelets
Cell fragments that help form clots.
Glucose
Blood sugar level.
HbA1c
Average blood glucose over ~2–3 months.
Creatinine
Waste marker used to assess kidney function.
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen; kidney-related marker.
Sodium (Na⁺)
Major extracellular electrolyte.
Potassium (K⁺)
Major intracellular electrolyte; critical for rhythm.
INR
International Normalized Ratio; monitors anticoagulation.
Troponin
Cardiac marker elevated after heart muscle injury.
CRP
C-reactive protein; marker of inflammation.