🧪 Chemistry: Core Concepts

Atom

Smallest unit of a chemical element

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

Element

Substance made of only one type of atom

Compound

Substance formed from two or more elements

Ion

Atom with a positive or negative charge

Isotope

Atom variant with different neutron count

Periodic Table

Chart organizing elements by properties

Chemical Bond

Force holding atoms together in a molecule

Covalent Bond

Bond formed by sharing electrons

Ionic Bond

Bond formed by transferring electrons

Acid

Substance that donates protons, low pH

Base

Substance that accepts protons, high pH

pH Scale

Measure of acidity or alkalinity

Catalyst

Substance speeding a reaction without being consumed

Chemical Reaction

Process transforming substances into new ones

Reactant

Starting substance in a chemical reaction

Product (Chemistry)

Substance formed by a chemical reaction

Solution

Uniform mixture of solute and solvent

Solute

Substance dissolved in a solution

Solvent

Substance that dissolves a solute

Precipitate

Solid formed from a reaction in liquid

Oxidation

Loss of electrons in a reaction

Reduction

Gain of electrons in a reaction

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance

Chemical Equilibrium

State where reaction rates balance out