Cybersecurity Essentials

Phishing

Fake messages tricking you to share data

Malware

Malicious software harming systems

Ransomware

Malware locking data for payment

Firewall

Barrier blocking unwanted network traffic

VPN

Encrypted tunnel hiding your traffic

Encryption

Turning data into unreadable code

Two-Factor Authentication

Second login step for security

Brute Force Attack

Guessing passwords by trying many

DDoS Attack

Flooding a server to crash it

Zero-Day Vulnerability

Unknown flaw with no fix yet

Social Engineering

Manipulating people to leak info

Spyware

Software secretly tracking your activity

Trojan Horse

Malware disguised as legit software

Keylogger

Records everything you type

SQL Injection

Malicious code inserted via input fields

Man-in-the-Middle Attack

Intercepting communication between two parties

Patch

Fix released for a security flaw

Botnet

Network of hijacked devices attacking together

Whitelist

List of allowed items only

Sandbox

Isolated space to test risky code

Hash

One-way scrambled version of data

Backdoor

Hidden way to bypass security

Penetration Testing

Authorized hacking to find weaknesses

Data Breach

Unauthorized access to private data

CAPTCHA

Test proving you're not a bot