How teachers measure learning well.
Validity
Test measures what it intends to measure.
Reliability
Consistency of assessment results.
Rubric
Criteria and levels for scoring work.
Norm-referenced
Compare student to peers.
Criterion-referenced
Compare student to a standard.
Portfolio
Collection of student work over time.
Authentic assessment
Task resembling real-world use.
Bias
Unfair advantage/disadvantage in assessment.
Standardization
Uniform administration/scoring conditions.
Learning gap
Difference between expected and actual learning.
Remediation
Support to address learning gaps.
Accommodations
Changes in how students access assessment.
Modifications
Changes in what students are expected to learn.
Grade inflation
Rising grades without rising achievement.